Mahabharata · Anushasana Parva

What is the Vishnu Sahasranamam?

A hymn of a thousand names of Lord Vishnu, spoken on the battlefield of Kurukshetra in the presence of Krishna Himself.

Bhishma lies on a bed of arrows as Arjuna's arrow brings forth water for him, with Krishna and the Pandavas gathered around
Bhishma on his bed of arrows. Krishna sits beside him as Arjuna's arrow draws water from the earth to quench his thirst. Painting by Mulgaonkar.

A thousand names, a thousand glories

Sahasra means thousand and nāma means name. Each of the thousand names describes one quality of the Supreme: Viśvam, He who is the whole universe. Acyuta, He who never falls and never lets His devotee fall. Keśava, Govinda, Padmanābha. To chant the names is to remember who He is, a thousand times over.

Who spoke it, and to whom

The great war was over. Grandsire Bhishma, unconquered in battle, lay on a bed of arrows, waiting for the sun to turn north before leaving his body. Yudhishthira, the new king, was crushed by the grief of the war. He came to Bhishma with his brothers, and with Krishna beside them, and asked six questions:

  1. Who is the one God of the world?
  2. What is the one supreme refuge?
  3. By praising whom does a person attain the good?
  4. By worshipping whom does a person attain the good?
  5. Which dharma is the greatest of all?
  6. By chanting what is a being freed from the cycle of birth and death?

Bhishma answered all six with one teaching: always praise the Lord of the universe, the Supreme Person, with His thousand names, with devotion. Then he sang those names. The sage Vedavyasa recorded them in the Mahabharata, which is why he is honoured as the ṛṣi of the hymn.

Why it is so divine

Spoken before the LordKrishna stood listening as His own thousand names were sung. Few hymns were offered in the direct presence of the One they praise.
Wisdom tested by painBhishma spoke it pierced by countless arrows. He did not speak of his pain. He spoke of Vishnu. That is the faith the hymn carries.
Honoured by the great teachersAdi Shankaracharya wrote a commentary on it, and Parashara Bhattar explained every name in his Bhagavad Guṇa Darpaṇa.
Open to everyoneNo ritual, priest or special place is needed. Anyone may chant it, at any time, in any state of life. Only devotion is asked for.